Debugging is the process of identifying and fixing errors in your code. Mastering debugging saves time, reduces frustration, and leads to cleaner, more maintainable code.

Common debugging techniques:

1. Use Print Statements
   • Temporarily add console.log, print, or echo to track variable values and flow.
2. Step-by-Step Debugging
   • Use IDEs with debuggers (e.g., VS Code, PyCharm).
   • Set breakpoints, inspect variables, and follow execution line-by-line.
3. Read Error Messages Carefully
   • Trace back to the line and module causing the problem.
   • Understand stack traces and error codes.
4. Check Logs
   • Review server or application logs for additional context.
5. Rubber Duck Debugging
   • Explain your code line-by-line out loud or to someone else—it often reveals the bug.
6. Use Assertions and Unit Tests
   • Prevent regressions by testing edge cases and expected behavior.
7. Binary Search Your Code
   • Comment out or revert sections incrementally to isolate the issue.
8. Reproduce the Bug Reliably
   • A bug that can’t be consistently triggered is harder to fix. Find the exact steps.

Pro tip: Learn to debug without panic—debugging is not failure, it’s part of the process. Skilled developers know that fixing bugs is where deep understanding often begins.